Dispute Resolution in Cyberspace Essay -- Internet Communication Essay

Dispute Resolution in Cyberspace Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods have been in use since the early days of civilization.(1) In the middle ages, crimes were seen as acts of injury caused by one person against another. The parties were expected to reach an agreement that would restore both parties and the community to a state where all involved healed from injury.(2) As civilization has evolved, so has the types of conflicts and perspectives on conflict. The basic premise of conflict will always be the same: â€Å"an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive scarce resources, incompatible goals and interference from the other party in achieving their goals.(3) However, the ways in which parties can interact with each other has changed over the centuries. During the middle ages talking or writing about someone in your own village or country would not effect others thousands of miles away. Historically, conflicts are perpetuated by physical interactions, by people who know each other or who have at least seen each other. With the advent of Internet technology it is possible to effect the lives of hundreds of thousands of people in a matter of hours anywhere on the planet.(4) In cyberspace it is possible to have a conflict over something that does not even physically exist or that can be changed with a push of a button. Internet technology also changes the way communication and information management are used in dispute resolution. With the invention of the fax machine and e-mail it is now possible to instantaneously distribute large quantities of information to anyone, anywhere.(5) Since the invention of real time chat and electronic conferencing, it is no longer necessary to have bot... ...ing the Walk, 15 February 1997: www.voma.org/doc/mhwalk.html. Katsh, Ethan M., â€Å"Dispute Resolution in Cyberspace,† 28 Conn. L. Rev. 953 (1996) :1-4. www.umass.edu/legal/articles/connmain.html. Katsh, Ethan,â€Å"The Online Ombuds Office: Adapting Dispute Resolution to Cyberspace.† 1-10. www.law.vill.edu/ncair/disres/katsh.htm. Leibowitz, Wendy R.,â€Å"Lawyers and Technology: Let’s Settle this, Online,† The National Law Journal (July 5, 1999) : 1-3. Nagle Lechman, Barbara A.,Conflict and Resolution, New York: Aspen Law & Business, 1997. Perritt, Jr., Henry H., â€Å"Electronic Dispute Resolution,†paper delivered at the On-line Dispute Resolution, Washington, DC.22 May 1996:1-14. www.law.vill.edu/ncair/disres/PERRITT.HTM. Severson, Margaret M. and Tara V. Bankston, â€Å"Social Work and the Pursuit of Justice Through Mediation,† Social Work 40 no. 5 (1995) : 683-691.

BTEC Business Level 3 Unit 1 P1 Essay

In this assignment I will describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting organisations. My two chosen contrasting businesses are ASDA and Oxfam. ASDA is a British supermarket chain which retails food, clothing by George, toys , car wash and general merchandise such as electrical products and cooking appliances. ASDA also have branched out into telecommunications with a mobile network called ASDA mobile. ASDA is Wal-Mart’s largest non-U.S. subsidiary, accounting for almost half of the company’s international sales, in this sense ASDA can be classed as a National business as it can be found all over the country or an International business as it is a part of the Wal-Mart Conglomerate which can be found in America and Canada. Founded as Hindell’s Dairies in 1920 by a group of Yorkshire farmers to protect their incomes due to the decline after World War 1. After a sucessful period which saw them expand and diversify the company was floated in 1949 becoming Associated Dairies and farm Stores Ltd. In 1968 Associated Dairies bought out the Asquith Brothers stores and became the company we know today as ASDA (ASq uith + DAiries). They are currently the 2nd largest chain in the UK. ASDA is what is known as a Ltd Company which means it is a private limited company, a Ltd is owned by family or friends and are quite often larger in size than a sole trader or partnership company. Being a Ltd company gives the owner(s) much more control over decisions and the directions in which the company is going, though you are answerable to shareholders they will be friends and family as they are unable to sell any stock shares on the London Stock Market. From this we can ascertain that it is a profit based company which means it is not under governmental control and run by individuals for purely profit making purposed. Oxfam is a charity organisation that works for no money. Oxfam was originally founded in Oxford, UK, in 1942 as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief by a group of Quakers, social activists, and Oxford academics; this is now Oxfam Great Britain, still based in Oxford, UK. It was one of several local committees formed in support of the National Famine Relief Committee. Their  mission was to persuade the British government to allow food relief through the Allied blockade for the starving citizens of Axis-occupied Greece. The first overseas Oxfam was founded in Canada in 1963. The organization changed its name to its telegraph address, OXFAM, in 1965. Oxfam falls into the voluntary sector. The voluntary sector consists of self-governing organisations some being registered charities some incorporated non-profit organisations. Voluntary sector work includes things like delivering services, Community and economic development and also advancing in religious faith. Oxfam is an international organisation meaning it spreads across the world. Oxfam is an international confederation of 15 organisations working in more than 90 countries worldwide to find lasting solutions to poverty and related injustice around the world. In all Oxfam’s actions, the ultimate goal is to enable people to exercise their rights and manage their own lives. Oxfam works directly with communities and seeks to influence the powerful to ensure that poor people can improve their lives and livelihoods and have their say. A contrast to either Ltd (private limited company) or the voluntary sector you can also have a business which is known as a PLC; this stands for Public Limited Company. This means that not only do you need a capitol of  £50,000 to start the business up there will be share holders who can have just bought shares on the London Stock Market and can put pressure on the company to make a higher profit so the value of their shares increases, giving less control over the business objectives to the owner(s). In both cases of being a Ltd or a PLC this does offer some benefits to the owner(s) in the way of Limited Liability. This means that even if things go badly for the business and it ends up in debt the business and the owner(s) are classed as legal separate entities, so the debt collectors cannot take any personal money or belongings for the debts owed by the business.

The First Letter Of Paul Of The Corinthians And Confession

Yibei Jiang Audrey Sex morality in the First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians and Confession Both Augustine and Paul opine the morality about sexual conducts. Inspired by the writings of Paul, Augustine agrees that lust is evil since it sets obstacles to devote oneself entirely to God; therefore, the flesh bonds the spirit. In other words, celibacy makes one holy. However, not everyone can resist the temptation, so they both offer marriage as the solution, but for different reasons: Augustine thinks that the sin of lust becomes forgivable because marriage turns evil into love for one another, and fulfills God’s wish for human to â€Å"be fruitful and multiply†, while Paul suggests that marriage is simply a way to avoid immorality such as fornication or adultery by having a stable relationship. Indeed, though both consent that marriage is not sin, they have different reasons. As far as I am concerned, Augustine’s explanation is better since the marriage he refers to fits the modern world while Paul’s idea is not practical for modern society in ter ms of procreation and offspring. Firstly, in Paul’s letter writes, â€Å"It is well for a man not to touch a woman† (Corinthians 7:1). He argues that it is best to live a life away from worldly desires, since those desires, such as sexual desire, divide believer’s complete devotion to worship Lord. â€Å"The unmarried man s anxious about the affairs of the Lord, how to please the Lord; but the married man is anxious about worldly affairs,Show MoreRelatedInnate Sin of Selfishness1400 Words   |  6 Pages In the Confessions and the First Letter to the Corinthians, the respective authors delve into the nature of sin and prescribe solutions to problem of evil so that Christians can understand the existence of evil. 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